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Imperial and Royal Army during the Napoleonic Wars
The Imperial and Royal Army ((ドイツ語:Kaiserlich-königliche Armee)) was the reformed armed force of the Austrian Empire, ruled by the Habsburgs, under Emperor Francis II (Emperor Francis I of Austria).
==Background to the army==
The name "Imperial and Royal Army" was born in 1745 and the "royal" part referred to the Apostolic Kingdom of Hungary.〔József Zachar, (Habsburg uralom, állandó hadsereg és magyarság, 1683-1792 ), Zrínyi kiadó, Budapest, 2004, p. 104〕 The key feature of the army of the Austrian Empire during the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars (1792-1815) was that, due to the multi-national nature of the territories, regiments were split into ''Germans'' units (which included Czech-troops recruited from Bohemia, Moravia and Silesia, Polish and Ukrainian units recruited from the territory of Galicia, Flemings and Walloons territory of the former Austrian Netherlands, and Italians) and ''Hungarian'' units (which included troops from Croatia and Transylvania).
Wartime conscription resulted in elements of untrained men in every battalion, a problem exacerbated by incoherent training across the regions. The army was beset by constant government frugality and a plethora of confusing orders and reorganisations. Although some regiments were disbanded in 1809 following the loss of their recruiting-grounds, others were allocated new areas yet kept their old designations; for example, the Walloon regiments whose recruiting areas were transferred to Bohemia.
The most powerful individual in the Army of the Austrian Empire during the period was Archduke Charles, who implemented wide-ranging and modernising reforms, particularly following the crushing defeat at Austerlitz. Charles was responsible for the severe check Napoleon suffered at the battle of Aspern-Essling, but after the subsequent defeat at Wagram retired from active command.
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